Study Skills for Intermediate Level Language Learners

Learning any language takes practice - lots of practice! Often, its difficult to know what you should practice. Should you watch a video? Perhaps, it would be a good idea to do a few quizzes. Of course, you should try to speak English with your friends. All of these are great ideas, but its also important to build a routine. A routine will help you make studying English a habit. Thats the best way to improve your English! Make Learning a Habit Its important to be exposed to many different areas every day. However, you shouldnt try to study too many different subjects. These suggestions take a short listening and reading as the basis for daily practice. You are trying to learn many new things, so dont try to learn too much in any one area too quickly! Practice Routine Listen - 15 minutes: You can enhance your listening skills through specific strategies.Read - 15 minutes: Choose a subject you like to read about and read for fun.Improve your vocabulary - 10 minutes: Take five minutes to write down all the new words you find in your listening and reading exercises. Keep a notebook, and write in the translation in your native language.Grammar - 10 minutes: Think about what you are studying in English class (if you are taking it). Or, if you are studying by yourself, take out your grammar book and find one grammar point to review. Take a quick look at the grammar and then think about the listening and your reading. Did you hear or read these forms? How were they used?Speaking - 5 minutes: It is very important to move your mouth and speak! Even if you only speak to yourself. Take five minutes and speak out loud (not silently). Try to quickly summarize what you listened to and what you read. Can you do it? Of course, its better if you can do this with a friend. Find a friend and study together a few times a week. You can practice together. Thats it! Approximately 45 minutes a day, every day - or at least four times a week! If you continue to do this, you will be surprised at how quickly your English improves!

Capital Punishment And The Death Penalty - 1714 Words

Capital punishment, or the death penalty is the legally authorized death of an individual as punishment for a heinous crime, typically one that involves murder. The legality of it varies by state and it continues to be a contentious topic of discussion in the United States. Furthermore, in recent decades, public opinion has been shifting from a supportive stance to an unsupportive stance on the use of the death penalty. It is now perceived by most people to be an unethical, immoral, and expensive way to punish criminals. There are also concerns about the possible execution of potentially innocent people. In utilizing a utilitarian philosophy regarding capital punishment, the crux of the issue pertains to whether or not a potential act will lead to a feeling of pleasure or pain. By applying this view, the death penalty is considered to be an immoral and evil due to the fact that it inflicts pain on the criminal before, during and after the action is performed. The moral framework I tend to personally abide by is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the ethical concept that the actions that lead to the most pleasure are moral and good, whereas those that lead to pain are an immoral evil (Boss 23). When making decisions, I contemplate the advantages and disadvantages of each option presented before acting upon it. In addition, I consider those who would possibly be affected by my decision both positively and negatively. Like utilitarianism, I choose the option with the leastShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

The Health Nutritional Education Free Essays

When parents send their children off to college, they might entertain the notion that their little darlings, having been brought up with the four basic food groups, will continue to practice impeccable dietary habits. Little do they know that their children skip meals, guzzle soda by the case, subsist on a diet that would make a mother cringe (Baker 12). Quick and easy meals are most attractive to students, so the microwave plays a major role in student’s living habits. We will write a custom essay sample on The Health Nutritional Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now One half of all students say they use a microwave everyday, reports Roper CollegeTrack, an annual survey of student’s behavior and attitudes. When college students arrive on campus there are so many changes they must go through. The simple fact of not being home can cause major amounts of stress, therefore changing a young-adult’s eating habits. From my personal experiences as a college student, I have seen one of two things happen to students: they either gain weight or lose weight. When I came to college I weighed 150lbs. By the time I went home for my first Christmas break I weighed 173lbs. I got bigger, but not necessarily fatter. I weighed more, but my pants fit more loosely. A steady diet and consistent physical activity are the two keys to keeping the body you want during the most hectic, unstructured time of your life. My roommate played football with me my freshman year and weighed approximately 280lbs. He decided not to play anymore and wanted to lose weight. He began to workout and dieting right. He now weighs approximately 245lbs. This is a prime example of knowing what is right to eat for you. College students who leave home to live on campus or in an apartment face a period of transition during which they must assume greater responsibility for themselves, and this includes responsibility for their nutrition and dietary habits. Differences in dietary habits among college students have been well documented. Several factors have been shown to influence food selection, including gender, the desire to lose weight, age, academic major, and body-image perception. The location of residence has also been shown to influence food selection, but the relation between food selection and nutrient intake has not been documented (Beerman 1). For many students, living on a university campus is a traditional period between living at home with parents and living independently. Food decisions are among the newest responsibility that many students’ face. Because new eating habits developed during these years, both negative and positive, are likely to be maintained, nutrient education effects have been targeted towards this group. The amount of information that people know about nutrition does not always affect what they eat. Many college students who do not major in nutrition take a course in basic nutrition, and the changes in student’s concerns, habits, and knowledge of nutrition because of taking such a course were studied. Not all college students are required to take a nutrition course as a requirement to complete their degree. I believe that it would make a major difference in eating habits of many college students if they did. I took a â€Å"mini poll† in Whiteford Hall. I asked twenty different girls what their biggest nutritional fear of coming to college was. All twenty girls said that they were scared to get fat or gain weight. I asked them if they were going to take this nutrition course any time during their education here. Only seven said they would consider taking the course. I have not yet completed this course, but I have learned so many new things about my body and the way the works. Now I feel that I can lead a healthy life from the knowledge I have accumulated from this course. Upon completing a basic nutrition course, students felt that they had learned a lot about nutrition, but only 45 percent said that they made changes in their eating habits because of this. The only statistically significant change in food habits was the tendency to drink low-fat milk. Most also decreased their use of vitamins and mineral supplements (Mitchell 7). The Basic Nutrition course for the non-nutrition major may be the most widespread, in-depth means of teaching nutrition to college students. This course provides both academic and practical nutritional education, so the teaching is complicated by the need â€Å"to create informed consumers who value good nutrition and consume nutritious foods throughout their lives. Classroom tests measure textbook nutritional knowledge, but the practical application is not measurable. Several studies have found that nutritional knowledge is not predicting of dietary practices (Mitchell 8). I don’t agree with this statement. I believe that the more nutritional knowledge that you have, the better you will eat. If you know something is bad for your body, I’m sure you will refrain from eating it. You might not totally remove it from your diet, but you will probably lower your intake of the specific item. If you have no knowledge of the nutritional value of what you eat, you will have no chance of being a healthy person. College is a very demanding time in your in your life, both physically and mentally. You need all of the help you can get. Having a consistently healthy diet can play a major role in your college existence. You need the right type of energy to complete all of your daily tasks. If you have no knowledge of dietary requirements or the nutritional value of different foods, you can not make the right decisions for food consumption. College students indicated that the greatest value of improved nutrition was better health in the future. This should be considered in motivating students to make dietary changes (Mitchell 8). Vegetarian eating habits are popular among college-aged and teenage people. About 15 percent of the 15 million college students eat vegetarian meals. However, vegetarianism is more popular among women than men. 50 percent of women ages 18-19 believe in vegetarianism. Many young vegetarians choose not to eat meat in order to reduce the intake of fat, but some will occasionally eat meat. However, young vegetarians definitely do not prefer vegetarian-style meat products (Walker 6). To many Americans, the term â€Å"vegetarian† conjures up images of hippies noshing on tofu and brown rice. But a new generation of vegetarians may bring meatless eating out of the extreme and into the mainstream. The new bastions of vegetarianism are college campuses (Walker 7). Young women seem to be driving the trend toward meatless eating. Nearly 50 percent of women college students say vegetarianism is in compared with the 33 percent of men students, according to Roper CollegeTrack. Pamela Limpitt, food service purchasing director for the University of Pennsylvania, agrees: â€Å"I’d say 9 in 10 of our vegetarian students are women (Walker 12). A survey of young female athletes at a midwestern university reveals that nutrition knowledge is positively related to healthy eating practices. Data on these two indicators were collected to compare nutrition between female high school and college athletes in 1992. Analysis shows that the older athletes had more accurate nutrition knowledge and better eating habits than their younger counterparts. Moreover, a significant proportion indicated that they often turn to their coaches and trainers for this type of information, suggesting that physical education teachers can shape nutrition attitudes (Buch 1). Coaches and others who work with athletes must teach young people how to select nutritious foods that will promote a lifetime of good health. Young female athletes’ concerns about weight and body image strongly influence their eating practices. Knowledge alone is not enough to ensure good dietary habits. Attitudes also affect behavior (Buch 2). Nutrition knowledge is positively associated with age, education, dietary pattern, sources of nutrition education, and length of time in a sport (Frederick Hawkins, 1992; Perron Endres, 1985). Other important factors, such as concern for weight and the dependence on others for food selection, also affect food consumption (Barr, 1987). Athletes are always concerned with their performance and how to improve it. They may work to improve their technique, lift weights, or add the right nutrients in their body to perform at optimum levels. The only problem is that any athletes do not have the proper nutritional knowledge to make the right dietary decisions. For example, to build one pound of lean tissue, an athlete must consume approximately 98 grams of protein and 2,800 calories for extra energy to synthesize muscle (Williams, 1988). If this were the athlete’s goal for a week it would mean 14 grams of protein and 400 calories per day in addition to the usual diet. Fourteen grams of protein can be obtained in two glasses of milk or two ounces of lean meat. With a small amount of additional protein and enough fuel from complex carbohydrates, muscle building can occur. This is all very simple if you have the knowledge. Most athletes think that for muscle building you must take supplements or just eat a lot in general. This is why nutritional education is so important for an athlete to succeed in a very competitive age of sports competition. College is a very hard time for a young adult to be worrying about too many things at once. They have been fed all of their lives and been taught what is good and what is bad for them. There are some many outside factors that make your food selections for you. Many of these choices, you have no control over. That is why I believe nutritional knowledge is so very important in a college student’s survival. If you eat the right things you will have no weight or health problems. A good diet can ensure a long energetic life. During your college years you need all of the energy you need to pull â€Å"all nighters† during exams and when writing nutrition papers. The more knowledge you have the better your body will feel and the healthier you will be. How to cite The Health Nutritional Education, Papers

Assessment of Transformational Plan at Semco

Question: Discuss about the Assessment of Transformational Plan at Semco. Answer: Introduction Management is an art used by businesses to ensure that efforts of various personnel are well coordinated to achieve Organizational goals and objectives. Active management is a critical input that enhances the success of the firm. There are various strategies that organizations utilize to enhance integration of human and other resources. In the case study, the transformational approach is used to align the organization to the changing technological and economic environment. It involves establishing a drastic and significant change within a business to enhance its performance in various economic conditions. The radical adjustment of complete employee empowerment initiated by Richard Semler is an example of the transformational leadership style of management. This style incorporates various principles of management such as division of work, equity, initiative and unity of direction. It also enhances the job performance and morale of the subordinates leading to improved motivation (Ferguson, et al. 2011). Indeed, such changes in return ensure high competitiveness, efficiency, flexible scheduling and effective team building. Further, if the owners of a company follow the laid down principles, they can implement various modification plans they feel suits their business (Kamalian, et al. 2010, p. 165-171). Currently, the universal application of this method is quite difficult due to different cultural imperatives. The hierarchy in management greatly matters to ensure there is accountability, guidance, a clear career path for each employee and efficient communication between employees, departments and divisions of the company (Ford, 2007, p. 78-140). Additionally, there is a culture of ensuring that sensitive internal information of a firm is kept secret for competitive advantages. Many organizations in the universe do not prefer sharing their data on the new products, production process and marketing plans. They only give out general information when forming partnerships and alliances wi th other companies in different industries. It is because they do not want their competitors to use such information to identify their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. However, the placement of all the responsibilities to the employees without any top management tasked with the control of their progress can result to difficulty in achieving set objectives and goals. Radical rotation of job titles after a short period creates confusion in industries, and one cannot enhance his skills and experience in a given academic field. Also, dismissal of managers for purposes of transformation can cause chaos to the firm. The establishment of the universal organizational structure is in a way that there is the minimization of total employee participation in all the business activities (Abdollahi, et al. 2006). When enacting radical change in an organization the owner and managers have to apply appropriate tools that will ensure the strategies are worthwhile and efficient. Therefore, to some extent, the Semco transformational plan may not be universally accepted. Significant changes at Semco The occurrence of the recession in Brazil forced Richard Semler to implement various changes that enhanced employee motivation. They include: First, elimination of job titles. This kind of modification makes employees feel free to challenge the status quo of the company and also share ideas without fear of the top managers. Rotation of the Chief Operating Officer title will improve workers skills test and also extend their boundaries. Also dealing with uncertainties and strengthening organizations position is easy. It helps employees focus on job performance rather than coming up with ways to suck their superiors. They are sure of getting a given position since it rotates to all individuals after a short period (Ugboro Obeng, 2009). Secondly, there is complete transparency in salaries among employees and equipping them with the role of wages and bonuses management. Salary transparency enhances equality, reduces turnovers and also builds trust in the organizations culture (RasoulDasht, 2008). The suspicions associated with discrimination and general unfairness decreases. There is improved communication between coworkers on salary payments, and thus potential conflicts that arise from high or low payments are thwarted. Moreover, workers have the authority to set their working hours. This shift involves having a flexible working schedule. It allows them to work when they are fresh and think that they can perform the outlined tasks efficiently. Choosing managers in a democratic manner is an important change that Semco establish to enhance worker motivation. They vote for the leader whom they trust and believe that he can guide them to achieve their set targets and goals. There is entrepreneurial spirit improvement as they work with their minds set on what they can do to achieve success in the area selected. Coordination between work hours and public transport improves due to the ability to plan for oneself on the daily activities. Setting and control of budgets are the significant radical changes established by the owner of the firm. When subordinates set their budgets, there will be waste elimination, reduction in bureaucracy, and tough time spending on assigned duties. They will always focus on achieving their targets compared to when managers set for them. Profit sharing among the divisions of Semco is a significant step taken that most companies are failing to deliver. This change will motivate the workers to put more effort in ensuring the outputs increase and the costs associated with the production process goes down (Tietjen Myers, 2008, p.226-231). Their morale and productivity levels improve and also create a strong bond between the managem ent and the subordinates. It is a strong incentive that encourages them to put more efforts towards achieving better end results (Mc Gregory, et al. 2006, p. 77-120). It will motivate them to focus on the companys profitability and also enhancement of their commitment towards the common goal. There is also employee empowerment in hiring and firing people. This kind of change gives room for them to choose managers and coworkers whom they will be comfortable working with to achieve their targets. Although it has many disadvantages, the strategy works well in Semco. The responsibility of overseeing the whole process of machine manufacturing is in the hands of workers. As a result, accountability among the individuals improves. Consultation on hard tasks is enhanced as they know their poor performance affect the organization (Wilkinson and Brown, 2009). The establishment of small groups with common aims of achieving their targets promotes sharing of ideas. Hence the result will be comin g up with innovation-oriented teams. Such a modification can contribute to the development of new products and services and also the advancement of the technology methods used in production (Boddy, 2008). An industrial machine manufacturing company needs to ensure that their ICT infrastructure is reliable and up-to-date. As a result, the networking and collaboration between the workers will enhance. Improved system performance also facilitates quality communication from the executives down to the last level of personnel in an organization (Mayfield, 2002, 41-49). Sources of tension in the structure A slowdown in industrial production and manufacturing in Semco creates tension as it results in low-level of performance. The question on whether the associates, partners and counselors will work together with a common aim of identifying various opportunities that will benefit the organization raise significant tension. There is considerable importance to quickly identify beneficial areas that require adjustment so as to cope with the recession periods. The flexibility of the structure to respond as fast as possible to the changing economic conditions is a source of rigidity in the machine manufacturing company. Next is the pressure on how to achieve effectiveness in the implementation of the radical transformational overhaul. Given that management of a business that is recording poor performance is difficult and there is anxiety about what to do to implement the changes that are appropriate. Radical modifications need the consultation of different stakeholders but will take time, an d the company will continue to diminish before making the best decision (Frank and Chris, 2011). The plan to adjust the structure of Semco is a decision made by only the owner who may not fully understand the challenges and causes of the performance. The anxiety on how to structure the firm to gain more competitive advantage brings about radical modifications. Ineffective evaluation of such changes can cause more problems than before. The cultural shift to implementing in the organizational structure to achieve the plans formulated is the next source. Most employees have the characteristic of resistance to change on their norms and beliefs. New policies and measures established to change their social behavior is an enormous task that involves the ideas of different minds (Huczynski, and Buchanan, 2008, p. 48-98). However, the business owner ignored the idea of participation of all people in coming up with a solution to the poor performance. The next source is that the structure does not fit into the traditional organizational designs of management. It aims at the associates tasked with running all the activities of the company. It needs to flexible to cope with the radical technological and economic changes. Rotations of COOs of each small group after six months raise tension in the company (Mullins, 2010). It is because they are not sure as to whether the person selected for a given period has the skills and abil ities to perform the managerial tasks as expected. The management has to take the initiative of training the staff on the new tasks and ensure the documentation of the job rotation policy. The costs of training will increase from time to time resulting in more expenses than revenues. It is a strategy that gives workers an opportunity to earn more promotions and become more valuable in the job market. Therefore, tension in a company creates more problems and the managers should try to avoid it for the smooth running of the daily business activities (Okanya, 2007, p. 56-89). Biggest risks Being a high-risk taker shows confidence and helps business owners and managers to overcome the fear of failure. It is a characteristic of successful entrepreneurs. Therefore, Semler had to undertake the following risks to ensure improvement in performance. First, the dismissal of top management tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that the achievement of the organizational goals is a significant risk (Mayntz, 2009). Here he wanted to implement the idea of managing without managers found in his business review article. This kind of realignment will lead to a reduction in the establishment of corporate policies that enhance the daily programs of the company (Mayfield, 2002, 41-49). Also, some of the impacts of such adjustment include; poor asset management and support and low creative problem-solving. The quality of the functions of management will be weak because of the dismissal of the top management that is tasked with planning, coordinating, organizing, staffing and controll ing. The second risk is placing all of the responsibilities to workers who are the principal mission of the top level managers. This strategy has various impacts such as increased ignorance, lack of appropriate experience in performing different tasks and a hostile working environment may result. Exposing the companys sensitive information on the website and notice boards shows the risk of reducing the competitive strength. The competitors will access such data and will understand all your production processes and the payroll system. Competitors may duplicate the same system and even improve to pouch the hardworking employees (Adair, 2009). The implementation of unlimited empowerment strategy that in future will increase resistance to change by employees. When workers are used to such kind of transformational plan, it will be difficult for them to stop performing such activities. Lastly is, the disposal of manuals that explained the factory life and contain the set rules and regulations g overning activities of the firm. Companies use such manuals as a guide to developing and sustaining productivity. They also use them in the documentation of the enterprises policies and procedures on the financial management. Such materials serve as references for questions and problems facing the organization (Adair, 2009). Their disposal creates a great challenge to the companys structure. Conclusion In conclusion, economic conditions such as recession force the management to establish basic transformational plans. Therefore it is important to understand the pros and cons associated with such steps. As per the evaluated discussion above, there is a need for the incorporation of various changes in the company structure before its implementation. Total employee empowerment is a technique where firms aim at faster attainment of business goals and objectives. It is a strategy that enhances motivation and morale of the workers. Before undertaking any risk to solve a problem affecting a companys performance, there is need to involve all the key stakeholders. It will help to reduce tension among individuals. Therefore managers should aim at making better decisions so as to improve on profitability in both short and long term. References Abdollahi, B., Nave E., Abdolrahim, C. (2006). Employees Empowerment: Golden Key of Management. Publication Virayesh. Adair, J. (2009). The Handbook of Management and Leadership: GBR: Thorough good, pp 4-31. Boddy, D. (2008). Management: An Introduction. (Harlow: FT Prentice Hall, 2008) fourth edition [ISBN 9780273711063]. Ford, L. (2007). Transform your workplace: 52 proven strategies to motivate, energize, and kick productivity up to the next level, Mc Graw Hill, New York, U.S, p. 78-140 Ferguson, J., Ashcroft, D., Hassell, K. (2011) Qualitative Insights into Employee Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Management among Community and Hospital Pharmacists, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, VIII (3), pp. 306316. Frank M. and Chris C. (2011).The Scripting of Total Quality Management within its Organizational Biography. Organizational Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2, 221-247. Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. (2008). Organizational Behavior: An Introductory Text. London: Prentice Hall, sixth edition, pp. 24-98 Kamalian, A. R., Yaghoubi, N. M., Moloudi, J. (2010). Survey of Relationship between Organizational Justice and Empowerment (A Case Study). European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 24, 165-171. Mayfield, M. (2002) , Leader Communication Strategies: Critical Paths to Improving Employee Commitment, American Business Review, VI, (2), pp.4149 Mayntz, R. (2009). The Changing Governance of Large Technical Infrastructure Systems. Mc Gregory, D. Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J. (2006).The human side of enterprise, annotated edition. New York: pp. 77-120 Mullins, L.J. (2010). Management and Organizational Behavior: Essex. Pearson Education, ninth edition [ISBN 9780273728610]. Okanya, P. (2007). Reconciling Organizational Performance and Employee job satisfaction through Training: The Case of Soroti District Local Government, Unpublished masters thesis, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands, p.56-89 RasoulDasht, Y. (2008). The relationship between organizational culture and staff empowerment (Case Study: HEPCO) Tietjen, M. A. Myers, R. M. (2008). Motivation and job satisfaction: Management Decision, vol. 36, no 4, pp.226-231 Ugboro, I and Obeng, K. (2009). Top management leadership: employee empowerment, job satisfaction and customer satisfaction in TQM organization. An empirical study. Wilkinson, A. and Brown, A. (2009). Managing human resources for quality management: Managing quality; 4th edition (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.