The Warning Effects of Catastrophe Narratives

Introduction Many people wonder whether or not catastrophe narratives are useful in alerting the public to the possibility of environmental destructions. An effective presentation has a number of characteristics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Warning Effects of Catastrophe Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such narratives are usually wrought with grim visualizations in relation to the future of humanity. They depict the consequences of natural calamity on human beings. They are perpetual given the fact that perceptions of various natural hazards as catastrophes are part of humanity. Reports regarding natural disasters are rife in modern society. Such narratives take different forms. For instance, such issues as economic collapse and depression, as well as global warming, are common features in these depictions. Other issues, such as nuclear war, massive tsunamis, and a myriad of natural disasters paint present day and future catastrophes. Textual sources going back as early as the nineteenth century seek to present catastrophic events through extensive utilization of stylistic and other language elements. For instance, religious writings are very effective in the illustration of wars and other disastrous events. Consequently, it appears that catastrophic narratives inform the public about the likelihood of environmental destructions in the future. For instance, some of these presentations highlight environmental destruction through locust invasions. In other instances, floods are used to depict the wrath of God. They are also used to illustrate critical and extensive climatic changes. In this paper, the author analyzes the usefulness of catastrophe narratives as far as alerting the public about the possibilities of environmental destructions is concerned. The various features of a particularly effective narrative are highlighted. Two texts and two movies are used in this ana lysis. The Warning Effects of Disaster Narratives in the Context of Selected Texts Overview Artificial and artistic hyperbolism is common in various disaster texts, especially those found in humanistic literature. One can only approximate the actual level of imagination and composition in these narratives. The situation is especially true if the events described in the presentations are comparable to actual happenings in the contemporary world (Rich 21).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, most of these accounts communicate some form of warning to the target audience. In most cases, a high percentage of these catastrophe narratives paint grim images of possible and impending environmental disasters. The events depicted in the texts take into account the sensitive nature of the environment. Basically, disaster illustrations are either fictional or factual. To this en d, they are similar to other forms of narratives in the literary world. However, unlike in conventional accounts, events in catastrophe narratives leave major mental imprints on readers or film watchers (Rich 21). There are similarities between factual and fictional narratives. One of these parallels entails the function of the text. The peculiar relationship between time and history is usually put under the limelight. The development leaves the target audience wondering about the actual occurrence of these events. â€Å"Odds against Tomorrow† as a Catastrophe Narrative The book is an example of a disaster text. It encourages the reader to imagine about the near future (Rich 45). The story revolves around Mitchell Zuckor. The major character is a Wall Street quantitative analyst (Rich 21). Zuckor is gifted with the unique ability of determining the likelihoods of worst-case-scenarios and catastrophic events befalling the New York City. He achieves this through the use of math ematical calculations. Some of the catastrophic events predicted include nuclear wars, earthquakes, human pandemics, tsunamis, financial meltdowns, and terrorist attacks (Rich 21). An outstanding characteristic that makes catastrophe narratives particularly effective in predicting future occurrences is timeliness. The feature is common in this novel. Although the narrative is a fiction, recent events in the world make the story a chilling account of the future. For example, one of the predictions made by Mitchell Zuckor is fulfilled when the city is brought down by a hurricane (Rich 78). The fictional typhoon has some similarities to the disastrous Hurricane Sandy. As such, in spite of the fact that Zuckor’s calculations are grounded on paranoia, it is obvious that they are enhanced by reality. Consequently, the narrative is effective in relation to the communication of environmental destructions. â€Å"Odds against Tomorrow† emphasizes the narrow line between order an d chaos in the contemporary society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Warning Effects of Catastrophe Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Catastrophic â€Å"The Day after Tomorrow† Just like â€Å"Odds against Tomorrow†, this movie revolves around the premise of an imminent environmental disaster. The theme, together with the sensitivity and timeliness of the situation, makes the narrative an effective means of alerting members of the public (The Day after Tomorrow). In essence, â€Å"The Day After Tomorrow† is a disaster movie. It depicts a situation where global warming triggers an ice age by altering ocean currents. A maverick Paleoclimatologist professor, Jack Hall, has developed a computer model that can predict the events. The simulation is used to warn the public about the impending catastrophe (The Day after Tomorrow). The film takes the artistic liberty of addressing rel evant and significant present day events that may result in environmental destruction (The Day after Tomorrow). The effectiveness of the catastrophe narrative stems from the fact that the film is based on both factual and fictitious accounts. Some of the illustrations appearing in the background to the film are both accurate and convincing. However, the depictions are likely to mislead viewers who lack a deep understanding of climate changes. According to the film, human beings are increasingly facilitating changes in the global climate. A number of human activities are posing grave danger to the environment. Consequently, the risks of unforeseen and abrupt environmental changes increase. There are disagreements between experts with regards to the prevailing climatic system. Ultimately, the film is an effective reminder of environmental destructions. It elicits interesting discussions on the future of humanity. Viewing Natural Disasters â€Å"Through the Arc of the Rainforest† The novel is a mixture of genres. However, messages about future catastrophes in relation to environmental degradation are discernible in the narrative. The events in the story unfold in Brazil. They revolve around the primary character, Kazumasa Ishimaru (Yamashita 17).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yamashita adopts a very unique style in writing the novel (19). The approach enhances the ability of the text to warn the public about future catastrophes. Such features include ‘emplotment’ and characterization. Some of the major themes addressed in â€Å"Through the Arc of the Rainforest† include migration, globalization, and economic imperialism. Other subjects entail environmental exploitation, techno-determinism, trans-nationalism, and socio-economic inequity. The characters in the novel are drawn from different communities. They originate from Brazil, Japan, and the United States (Yamashita 40). Discovery of the black substance, Matacao, leads to the convergence of people from various parts of the world. The fortune seekers meet at a place in the Brazilian rainforest (Yamashita 41). Subsequent activities in the forest lead to its destruction. The fate of the characters in the novel is tied to the rainforest. The story highlights the issue of environmental d egradation by developing characters that are common in every day contemporary society. The personalities reflect the existence of individuals in modern communities. Over-exploitation of the natural environment is depicted as having devastating outcomes for humanity. If the surrounding suffers, people are bound to be affected negatively in the long run. The readers can see themselves in the characters used in the story. Disaster in â€Å"Trouble the Water† â€Å"Trouble the Water† is a documentary film reflecting the struggles of a couple trying to survive a troubled past. In addition, the movie highlights, among others, occurrences in an abandoned community and a ‘failed’ levee (Trouble the Water). In the film, viewers are taken through the destructions caused by Hurricane Katrina. The story is told from the perspective of an aspiring rap artiste, Rivers Kimberly Roberts. Like the other catastrophe narratives reviewed in this paper, â€Å"Trouble the Wate r† warns the public about the issue of environmental destruction brought about by hurricanes. The point of view adopted by the characters is especially effective in communicating this message. For instance, Rivers turns to her faith when the waters appear to be destroying the community (Trouble the Water). Eventually, everybody seems to cling on ‘survival’ and hope. Ultimately, viewers are convinced that prevention of such situations is better than trying to deal with them when they occur. Conclusion Catastrophe narratives are efficient means of creating public awareness in relation to environmental destruction. The styles adopted by the various authors in delivering these messages, especially timeliness, enhance their effectiveness. The themes covered also inform the impacts these narratives have on the audience. Works Cited Rich, Nathaniel. Odds against Tomorrow, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2013. Print. The Day after Tomorrow. Ex. Prod. Roland Emmerich . Toronto and Montreal, Canada: Centropolis Entertainment. 2004. DVD. Trouble the Water. Ex. Prods. Tia Lessin and Carl Deal. Alexandria, Louisiana, USA: Elsewhere Films. 2008. DVD. Yamashita, Karen. Through the Arc of the Rain Forest. 3rd ed. 1990. Los Angeles, California: Coffee House Press. Print. 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Free Essays on “The Sources Of International Law And Art. 38”

International law: an overview International law consists of rules and principles which govern the relations and dealings of nations with each other. International Law, which is in most other countries referred to as Public International Law, concerns itself only with questions of rights between several nations or nations and the citizens or subjects of other nations. In contrast, Private International Law deals with controversies between private persons, natural or juridical, arising out of situations having significant relationship to more than one nation. In recent years the line between public and private international law have became increasingly uncertain. Issues of private international law may also implicate issues of public international law, and many matters of private international law nave substantial significance for the international community of nations. International Law includes the basic, classic concepts of law in national legal systems status, property, obligation, and tort (or delict). It also includes substantive law, procedure, process and remedies. The Sources of International Law. Article 38 (1) The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: (a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; (b) international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; (c) the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; (d) subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. (2) This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto. After treaties, the sources of international law mentioned in Art. 38(1) of ... Free Essays on â€Å"The Sources Of International Law And Art. 38† Free Essays on â€Å"The Sources Of International Law And Art. 38† International law: an overview International law consists of rules and principles which govern the relations and dealings of nations with each other. International Law, which is in most other countries referred to as Public International Law, concerns itself only with questions of rights between several nations or nations and the citizens or subjects of other nations. In contrast, Private International Law deals with controversies between private persons, natural or juridical, arising out of situations having significant relationship to more than one nation. In recent years the line between public and private international law have became increasingly uncertain. Issues of private international law may also implicate issues of public international law, and many matters of private international law nave substantial significance for the international community of nations. International Law includes the basic, classic concepts of law in national legal systems status, property, obligation, and tort (or delict). It also includes substantive law, procedure, process and remedies. The Sources of International Law. Article 38 (1) The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: (a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; (b) international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; (c) the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; (d) subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. (2) This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto. After treaties, the sources of international law mentioned in Art. 38(1) of ...

Book Analysis on Undercover

As the days grow shorter, Elisa worries that the increasingly urgent letters she sends her father wont bring him home. Like the undercover agent she feels she has become, Elisa retreats to a pond in the woods, where her talent for ice-skating gives her the confidence to come out from under cover and take centre stage. But when Lila becomes jealous of Theos friendship with Elisa, her revenge nearly destroys Elisas ice-skating dreams and her plan to reunite her family. A. Book 1. Author Beth Kephart was nominated for the National Book Award for her book A SLANT OF SUN. In 2000, she received a National Endowment for the Arts grant, and she also won Pew Fellowships in Arts grant in 2005. At the age of nine, Beth Kephart began to skate on a pond in Boston, where she taught herself the every moves Elisa teaches herself in this story. Beth won her first competitive freestyle competition at a Wilmington, Delaware, rink. Today she ballroom dances and is an avid gardener. She lives in Pennsylvania with her family. 2. Title The main character in the story fits the title under cover, the fact that the main character hides her skill of skiing to her friends and family. B. Characters Protagonist: Elisa Cantor- she is a father’s daughter and doesn’t really relate well with her mother and sister. Antagonist: Lisa- Theo’s girlfriend; known for her beauty and popularity. Supporting Characters: Tina Cantor- Elisa and Jilly’s Mother. Jilly- Elisa’s Sister, she is a very fashionable teenager like her mother. Mr. Cantor- Elisa’s Father, he understands Elisa. Theo- Elisa’s classmate in Honors English, a special friend and one of the boys who ask love notes from Elisa. Margie- Elisa’s past best friend in eighth grade and classmate in Honors English. Dr. Charmin- an Honors English teacher and believed and supports Elisa’s talent in writing. Mr. Marcoroon- a strict Math teacher. Mrs. Garland- a friend of Tina. Stuart little- a client of Mr. Cantor in San Francisco. Sarah- an Honour English student. II. Plot A. Exposition 1. Setting The story takes place in a pond in the woods where she always find herself at ease and thinking she could be herself there alone while skating. B. Complication When her father has to go away for work it makes their life complicated. To make it even more complicated, Elisa starts to fall on a boy who she is providing with poetry to woo another girl. C. Climax Lila tore the dress of Elisa before the start of the skating competition. D. Denouement Elisa never let herself be defeated by wearing the torn dress made by the antagonist, Lila, while skating gracefully. E. Resolution Yes it’s a happy ending because finally her family was once again reunited and everyone accepted the real her. III. Analysis 1. Did you admire the author for writing this book? Why? Yes. A teenager who reads this book would really understand the feelings and thinking’s of the main character of the story. Many teenagers can relate of how it feels to be a loner or to be bullied. 2. Tell something about the cover, did it spark your interest? Does it fit the story? It did spark my interest because it makes me wonder what story it will give me. Yes it does fit in the story because the covers do tell the story. 3. Who is your most favourite character? Why? My favourite character in the story is Elisa Cantor. For being brave enough to uncover her great skill to everybody even when she herself has no confidence that everyone would accept her and gain their respect. 4. Who is your least favourite character? Why? My least favourite character in the story is Lisa, because of her jealousy of Theo’s friendship with Elisa; her revenge nearly destroys Elisa’s ice-skating dreams and her plan to reunite her family. . What is your favourite part of the story? Why? My favourite part of the story is when Elisa got sick during the last days of Christmas season, which was the time that her sister and mother took care of her and after her sickness they finally become close to each other. 6. What is your least favourite part of the story? Why? My lea st favourite part of the story is when Lisa and her friends destroyed Elisa’s dress that was made by her mother and sister for the ice-skating competition. 7. Discuss your favourite quote from the story. â€Å"You do not have to be good. You do not have to walk on your knees for a hundred miles through the desert, repenting. You only have to let the soft animal of your body love what it loves. Tell me about despair, yours, and I will tell you mine. Meanwhile the world goes on. Meanwhile the sun and the clear pebbles of the rain Are moving across the landscape, Over the prairies and the deep trees, the mountains and the rivers. Meanwhile the wild geese, high in the clean blue air, Are heading home again. Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, The world offers itself to your imagination, Calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting Over and over announcing your place in the family of things. † It tells about a person who doesn’t have to be perfect just to meet their expectations. Being yourself is a lot more happy and easy than pretending or trying to be someone you are not. 8. What is your realization about life after reading the novel? After reading the story I realize in life that you shouldn’t hide yourself from others, don’t be scared of letting them know your true self and don’t give up on something that you haven’t tried yet.

Sexual Harassment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sexual Harassment - Research Paper Example (The Masschusetts Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights pp. 3-5) What is sexual harassment in employment? Sexual harassment is a situation where an unwanted attention of a sexual behavior occurs in the process of working or seeking work and hence threatens the ability of an individual to earn a living. . (The Masschusetts Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights pp. 3-5) Is it a serious problem? Harassment can be with different behaviors like passing distracting or annoying comments to intimidate, giving threats or demanding to have sexual conduct. The most troublesome and serious situation happens when an employee faces a supervisor who makes sexual demands accompanied by job-related threats. Majority of the people thinks that such situation becomes very critical to handle. Such situations especially happen where jobs are scarce and when the employee has few job skills. (Conte pp. 6-10) However, less unmitigated forms of harassment may also have the serious effect of threatening the income of an employee or his or her career prospects. Acts that may appear to be disturbing and distracting from the victim's perspective, may sufficiently lead to a fall in work performance or might even try to take majority day offs in order to ignore such situations. (Conte pp. 6-7) Who are the victims? According to most of the studies, this kind of problem of encountering sex related threats demands, and annoying behavior are being mostly faced by women. This is understood because it is very consistent with the way power is distributed in the workplace as women workers are typically at the bottom of the job ladder, and those in supervisory positions are mostly males. (Boland p. 12-18) There are many variations to these work places like professors happen to be mostly male, are in a position to take advantage of students, female enrollment in skilled trades apprenticeships is increasing, but instructors, union officials, and foremen are almost invariably male and even female professionals employed by corporations, government agencies, and other large institutions are almost always responsible to male executives. Those who claim that there are places where males get harassed by females do have a point and must get equal consideration, but very few females are in a position to take advantage over males in the workplace. Sexual overtures from the employee to the supervisor hardly entail the threat associated with the reverse. (Boland p. 12-18) Why is this issue receiving so much attention recently? Sexual harassment in the workplace is a very old problem. Women have put up with it in the past because there has been no simple escape. However, recent increases in the number of women in the labor force have made us aware of a whole range of ignored issues of concern to working women—harassment, child care, comparable worth, and others. In the last few years, court decisions and guidelines of Federal and State agencies h ave made it clear that sexual harassment is illegal and has defined the responsibilities of employers in

Financial Performance of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank in UAE Case Study

Financial Performance of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank in UAE - Case Study Example Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank acquired RBS’ UAE retail, wealth management and SME banking business. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank is currently the third largest bank in the UAE in terms of operations and second largest in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi in terms of total assets. The bank has a substantial customer base and holds around 12% market share by loans and 10% market share by deposits. The bank currently has approximately 500,000 retail customers and 33,000 wholesale customers in the UAE. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank has divided its operations into four main domains as follows. Abu Dhabi, the second largest city of UAE, is one of the emerging economies of the world. During the financial year 2009, amid the global economic crisis, the growth trend of Abu Dhabi took a downward plunge when the real GDP growth remained only 0.2% and its GDP per capita was 90,538 USD, which was still considered among the highest at the global level. With the implementation of prudent policies, the government of UAE has now able to restore its previous economic prosperity and it is portraying inclining trend once again. The banking sector in UAE can be regarded as the biggest beneficiary of the economic growth. This is due to the fact that the prevailing interest rate in the UAE economy is lower as compared to the other countries depicting similar economic trends. Central Bank of UAE is the regulatory authority which issues guidelines and pronouncement regulating the functioning of these banks. As of March 31, 2011, UAE economy had 23 local banks with 736 branches and 28 licensed foreign banks with 83 branches. The following graphical representation presents the growth in the banking sector in UAE over the years [presentation] Technical Analysis The share price of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank remained fluctuated over the past few years. If we consider the financial year 2006, the share price of the bank depicts a rising trend. In the beginning of the financial year 2006, the share price of the bank was crossing 5.66, but by the end of the financial year 2006, the share price took a downward plunge and the December closing of the financial year recorded a share price of 4.16. Despite the declining trend in the previous year, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank was able to restore its previous market capitalization and by the end of the financial year 2007, the share price represents an increase of 19%. Financial year 2008 and 2009 are

Fast Food Restaurants And Food-processing Companies Are the Ghost Murde

The study is to show how the food industry and the fast-food restaurants dictate the laws of the feeding process through the manipulation of people and governments. Nowadays, the food industry calls all the shots of the game and kills little by little the American society and the animal race. The idea is to prove this hidden reality by explaining the process of the fast food restaurants, including their organization, and prove the damages on the human body, either psychologically nor physiologically. Indeed, the fast food restaurants work in cooperation with the food-processing industry, which produces, delivers and fixes the price over the market. But this intensive activity is possible because of the unethical behaviors of the companies ready to do anything to make money: increase the productivity of each living species, including ill-treatments of animals and genetic modification of plants, decrease the costs of production, and increase the seizure of power over Mother Nature . In this context, this research paper leads to the conclusion that everybody is weak in front of the money power bred by the present society. Nevertheless, some people try to fight again this limitless power in the USA with the rapid expansion of the organic food market in the USA but also the interest of famous gastronomic cookers to build restaurants in the USA to answer the demand of high social class. Unfortunately, this is just the start of the food-industry’s revival and it will take a long time to dominate this living hell. The society of the last and present century is composed of busy and in a hurry people. Priority has been given to the work, helped by the philosophy of the American dream: hard work, prosperity and success. In t... ... and nutrient intake profile." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103.10 (2003): 1332-1338. Seelow, Soren. "Monsanto, Un Demi-sià ¨cle De Scandales Sanitaires." Le Monde.fr. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014 Spiroux De Vendomois Joel, Dominique Cellier, Christian Vellot, and Emilie Clair. Debate on GMOs Health Risks after Statistical Findings in Regulatory Tests. Tech. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 5 Oct. 2010. Web. Spiroux De Vendà ´mois Joà «l, Franà §ois Roullier, Dominique Cellier, and Gilles-Eric Sà ©ralini. A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian Health. Rep. International Journal of Biological Sciences May 2005. Web Super Size Me. Dir. Morgan Spurlock. Perf. Morgan Spurlock. Youtube. N.p., 7 May 2004. Web. "What Are The Human Health Effects Of PCBs?" What Are The Human Health Effects Of PCBs? Ed.

Culinary Cookware Essay

Sales Promotion is a key ingredient in marketing campaigns which consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term that are designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Sales contests/incentives: Aims at including the sales force or dealers to increase their sales results over a stated period, with prizes (money, trips, gifts or points) going to those who succeed Appropriateness: From the findings of the 2003 survey, 50% would buy new cookware even without price discount or a free gift => retailers who are already carrying all the four lines owing to its greater GM compared to competitors, would be induced to promote the brand by featuring, displays, etc. This stimulates sales clerks to push the products further more improving the brand awareness (15% for under $75000 and 25% for above $75000 – much lower than close competitors) as only 15% would consider upgrading to higher end products and improves off-season sales which were very low. Promotion allowances: volume rebate/ quantity discount Appropriateness: There is a possibility of forward buying problem, wherein retailers buy a greater quantity during the deal period and the manufacturer will have to bear costs of extra work shifts. Since the manufacturer is giving a 4% points additional benefit on GM to retailers over the competitors, giving a promotion allowance might not yield as many benefits as anticipated. However, an equal amount could be spent on advertising/display allowances as the channels chosen are upscale kitchen specialty chains, department stores and local specialty stores. Sweepstakes: Sweepstakes involve marketing promotions targeted toward generating enthusiasm to purchase among customers by enticing consumers to submit free entries into chance draws that are tied to product or service awareness wherein the featured prizes are given away by sponsoring companies. As there is no assurance of benefit in this case, the scheme may not be very attractive to entice first-time customers. Also the lottery system promotion may not reflect highly on the ‘Premium’ brand image of Culinarian Cookware. Thus sweepstakes are not a good promotion strategy for Culinarian Cookware Premiums: Premiums are promotional items that can be acquired through proof of purchase. Exhibit 3 states that 20 % of the people would be motivated to buy cookware because of a free gift. Also a free gift does not damage the premium image of the cookware brand and is widely used by other players in this segment. Since the premium can be shipped after receiving proof of purchase, it reduces opposition from trade channels who would not have to block shelf space for the premiums unlike in the case of free gifts Rebates: Rebate is an amount returned on what already has been paid. Rebates may require paperwork submission and this can put off customers. Culinarian cookware distributes through high-end retail channels and invests in well-trained staff to give the best experience to the customers. However, the rebate mechanism requires effort on the part of the customers and can affect the Culinarian premium brand image. Cooperative advertising allowance: Culinarian cookware can give some allowances to retailers who prominently display its products or give it the desire shelf space. Also it can be used to encourage retailers to push Culinarian products to the customers who are unsure about the brand. The lure of getting reimbursement and additional money for doing advertisement for culinarian products on the company’s behalf will motivate Slotting Allowance: In slotting allowance a fee charged to produce companies or manufacturers by supermarket distributors or retailers in order to have their product placed on their shelves. Most of the products sold by Culinarian Cookware is through retail outlets. Also most of the products are in the premium end. So Culinarian Cookware can go for slotting allowance. However it should negotiate with retailers to reduce the margin to industry standard of 48% as against 52% now. Trade shows: Generally in trade shows people look for discounted products. It would not be good for culinarian cookware to sell the products at a discounted rate in trade shows. Howvere it can take part in trade shows to increase awareness especially of its CX1 brand. Point of purchase displays (functional discounts) Culinarian Cookware should not go for functional discounts because they already give retailers higher profit margins of 52% as compared to 48% by its competitors. This is a big enough incentive for the retailers to encourage customers to buy Culinarian Cookware products. Thus, no extra functional discounts are required. Seasonal discount The buying pattern given in Exhibit 2 suggests that there are two peak seasons for the sale of cookware, one during the May- June months and the other during the months of November- December. Thus, seasonal discounts will be very effective in capturing the customers and increase sales because of this buying pattern If we study Exhibit 4, we can observe that the sale of product lines PROX1 and SX1 is higher in the spring season while that of DX1 is higher in the fall season. This cyclical buying pattern tells us that Culinarian Cookware can go for sales promotion twice in a year wherein it can give sales promotion for different product lines in different seasons of the year.